Basit Yanıt: her biri için E X- P T I M E - h bir R d bir sabit olduğu sorun, c , öyle ki biz sorunu çözmek eğer K T ı M E ( 2 o ( n 1EXPTIMEhardcc )), daha sonraP≠Kp.NTIME(2o(n1c))P≠NP
Not: c sabiti, küçülmelerden kaynaklanan örnek boyutu patlamalarından gelir.c
Justification: Let XX denote an EXPTIMEEXPTIME-hardhard problem. That means that every problem in EXPTIMEEXPTIME is polynomial time reducible to XX. In fact, we can show more.
The acceptance problem for 2n2n time bounded deterministic Turing machines is in DTIME(n⋅2n)⊆EXPTIMEDTIME(n⋅2n)⊆EXPTIME and therefore is polynomial time reducible to XX.
Therefore, there must be some fixed constant cc such that every problem in DTIME(2n)DTIME(2n) is polynomial time reducible to XX where the instance size blow-up is O(nc)O(nc). That is, instances of size n are reduced to instances of size O(nc)O(nc) for XX.
Now, if we had X∈NTIME(2o(n1c))X∈NTIME(2o(n1c)), then DTIME(2n)⊆NTIME(2o(n))DTIME(2n)⊆NTIME(2o(n)). However, this implies P≠NPP≠NP (see below for details).
Additional Details: One can show that P=NPP=NP ⇔⇔ ∃c′∃c′ ∀k∀k NTIME(nk)⊆DTIME(nc′k)NTIME(nk)⊆DTIME(nc′k).
In other words, if you can solve an NPNP-completecomplete problem in polynomial time, then there is a uniform way of speeding up any problem in NPNP.
Now, let's suppose that P=NPP=NP. By the preceding (with kk=1) we get a constant c′c′ such that
NTIME(n)⊆DTIME(nc′).
NTIME(n)⊆DTIME(nc′).
Next, we can use padding to scale up this inclusion and get
NTIME(2n)⊆DTIME(2c′n).
NTIME(2n)⊆DTIME(2c′n).
Then, by the deterministic time hierarchy theorem, we have
NTIME(2n)⊆DTIME(2c′n)⊊DTIME(2(c′+ϵ)n)
NTIME(2n)⊆DTIME(2c′n)⊊DTIME(2(c′+ϵ)n)
for any
ϵ>0ϵ>0.
Therefore, we couldn't have
DTIME(2(c′+ϵ)n)⊆NTIME(2n).DTIME(2(c′+ϵ)n)⊆NTIME(2n).
Further, we couldn't have DTIME(2n)⊆NTIME(2o(n))DTIME(2n)⊆NTIME(2o(n)) because by padding we would get DTIME(2(c′+ϵ)n)⊆NTIME(2o(n))DTIME(2(c′+ϵ)n)⊆NTIME(2o(n)).
Further Question: Does anyone have any simple examples of EXPTIMEEXPTIME-completecomplete problems where we can easily determine the instance size blow-up constant cc?