Bloch küresi iki kubite genelleştirilebilir mi?


16

Bloch küresi tek kubit durumlarının hoş bir görselleştirmesidir. Matematiksel olarak, yüksek boyutlu bir hipersfer aracılığıyla herhangi bir sayıda kubite genelleştirilebilir. Ancak bu tür şeyleri görselleştirmek kolay değildir.

Bloch küresine dayalı görselleştirmeleri iki kubite genişletmek için ne gibi girişimlerde bulunuldu?


4
physics.SE üzerinde related: physics.stackexchange.com/q/41223/58382
GLS

Yanıtlar:


13

Saf durumlar için, "2 qubit bloch küre" yapmanın oldukça basit bir yolu vardır . Temel olarak Schmidt ayrışmasını kullanarak durumunuzu iki duruma ayırırsınız: dolaşmış ve tamamen dolaşmış değil. Karışık olmayan kısım için sadece iki bloch küresi kullanırsınız. Ve sonra dolaşmış kısım, 3d uzaydaki olası rotasyonlar kümesine izomorfiktir (rotasyon, bir kübit üzerindeki ölçümleri diğer kubit üzerindeki tahminlere nasıl çevirdiğinizdir). Bu size sekiz gerçek parametreyi temsil eder:

1) Dolaşık olmayan veya tam dolaşmış olan ağırlığını gösteren 0 ile 1 arasında gerçek bir w değeri.

2 + 3) Qubit 1 için dolaşmış olmayan birim bloch vektörü.

4 + 5) Qubit 2 için dolaşmış olmayan birim bloch vektörü.

6 + 7 + 8) Tam dolaşmış dönüş.

Dönme bölümünü "XY ve Z eksenlerinin eşlendiği yer" olarak gösterir ve ek olarak eksenleri w ile ölçeklendirirseniz, daha fazla dolaşmış olursanız:

karışık görüntü

(Ortadaki zıplama, kodumdaki sayısal bir dejenerasyondan kaynaklanıyor.)

Karışık durumlar için, qubit 1'in her olası ölçümü göz önüne alındığında kubit 2 için öngörülen bloch vektörlerinin zarfını gösteren biraz başarı elde ettim.

karışık durum zarfı

Ancak a) bu 'zarf' gösteriminin simetrik olmadığını (kubitlerden biri kontrol ve diğeri hedeftir) ve b) hoş görünse de cebirsel olarak kompakt değildir.

Bu ekran, Quirk'in alternatif dev-dolaşıklık-görüntü dalında kullanılabilir. Yapım talimatlarını takip edebiliyorsanız, doğrudan onunla oynayabilirsiniz.


8

Bir eğirme yana j indirgenemeyen temsil SU(2) bir boyuta sahip 2j+1 ( j yarı tam sayı olduğu), sonlu boyutlu bir Hilbert alan bir temsili alanı olarak elde edilebilir SU(2) . Ayrıca, tüm indirgenemez temsilleri bu yana SU(2) bu nedenle her sonlu boyutlu bir Hilbert alan temel bir simetrik tensör ürün olarak düşünülebilir temel spinor temsil simetrik tensör ürünleri olan SU(2) temel gösterim alanları.

2j+12j2j2j

2j+1

|ψ=m=jjCm|j,m,
k=02j(1)kCjk(2jk)!k!z2jk=0.

(The parametrization is by means of the stereographic projection coordinate z=tanθeiϕ (θ, ϕ are the spherical coordinates))

One application of this representation to quantum computation, is in the visualization of the trajectories giving rise to geometric phases, which serve as the gates in holonomic quantum computation. These trajectories are reflected as trajectories of the Majorana stars on the Bloch spheres and the geometric phases can be computed from the solid angles enclosed by these trajectories. Please see Liu and Fu's work on Abelian geometric phases. A treatment of some non-Abelian cases is given by Liu Roy and Stone.

Finally, let me remark that there are many geometric representations relevant to quantum computation, but they are multidimensional and may be not useful in general as visualization tools. Please see for example Bernatska and Holod treating coadjoint orbits which can serve as phase spaces of the finite dimensional Hilbert spaces used in quantum computation. The Grassmannian which parametrizes the ground state manifold of adiabatic quantum Hamiltonians is a particular example of these spaces.


I know they are time consuming to find or make, but is there any chance you could illustrate this answer with such visualisations? Perhaps an example of a CNOT gate?
Phil H

In general, a unitary transformation of a state will move its constellation to new locations such that the coordinate of a star in the final state depends algebraically on all the coordinates of all stars in the initial state. However, in simple cases, we can perform the computation by a simple inspection. Please see for example Bengtsson and Życzkowski: researchgate.net/profile/Karol_Zyczkowski/publication/… page 103, figure 4.7,
David Bar Moshe

cont. where for example, the CNOT gate action on a state with three stars at the north pole shifts one of the stars to the south pole while keeping the other two stars in place.
David Bar Moshe

5

For more than 1-qubit visualization, we will need more complex visualizations than a Bloch sphere. The below answer from Physics Stack Exchange explains this concept quite authoritatively:

Bloch sphere for 2 and more qubits

In another article, the two qubit representation is described as a seven-dimensional sphere, S 7, which also allows for a Hopf fibration, with S 3 fibres and a S 4 base. The most striking result is that suitably oriented S 7 Hopf fibrations are entanglement sensitive.

Geometry of entangled states, Bloch spheres and Hopf fibrations

Having said that, a Bloch sphere based approach is quite useful even to model the behavior of qubits in a noisy environment. There has been analysis of the two-qubit system by use of the generalized Bloch vector to generate tractable analytic equations for the dynamics of the four-level Bloch vectors. This is based on the application of geometrical concepts from the well-known two-level Bloch sphere.

We can find that in the presence of correlated or anti-correlated noise, the rate of decoherence is very sensitive to the initial two-qubit state, as well as to the symmetry of the Hamiltonian. In the absence of symmetry in the Hamiltonian, correlations only weakly impact the decoherence rate:

Bloch-sphere approach to correlated noise in coupled qubits

There is another interesting research article on the representation of the two-qubit pure state parameterized by three unit 2-spheres and a phase factor.For separable states, two of the three unit spheres are the Bloch spheres of each qubit with coordinates (A,A) and (B,B). The third sphere parameterises the degree and phase of concurrence, an entanglement measure.

This sphere may be considered a ‘variable’ complex imaginary unit t where the stereographic projection maps the qubit-A Bloch sphere to a complex plane with this variable imaginary unit. This Bloch sphere model gives a consistent description of the two-qubit pure states for both separable and entangled states.

As per this hypothesis, the third sphere (entanglement sphere) parameterizes the nonlocal properties, entanglement and a nonlocal relative phase, while the local relative phases are parameterized by the azimuthal angles, A and B, of the two quasi-Bloch spheres.

Bloch sphere model for two


3
Would it be possible to expand a bit on these remarks? Rather than linking to these articles, it would be good to describe the relevant ideas in some detail to keep the answer self-contained. (Also, in your third answer in this post, the symbols are not rendering properly...)
Niel de Beaudrap

Near "the azimuthal angles": What is it before "A" and "B"? Firefox shows it as "F066". Also near "qubit with coordinates", before A and B (four in total), two of them "F071"?
Peter Mortensen

4

We have some multiqubit visualizations within Q-CTRL's Black Opal package.

These are all fully interactive and are designed to help build intuition about correlations in interacting two-qubit systems.

The two Bloch spheres represent the relevant separable states of two qubits. The tetrahedra in the middle visually capture correlations between certain projections of the two qubits. When there is no entanglement, the Bloch vectors live entirely on the surfaces of the respective spheres. However, a fully entangled state lives exclusively in the space of correlations in this representation. The extrema of these spaces will always be maximally entangled states like Bell states, but maximally entangled states can also reside within multiple tetrahedra simultaneously.

enter image description here


1
Would you be able to describe these representations? It would be nice if you could expand this into a self-contained answer.
Niel de Beaudrap

edited to add further material.
Michael Biercuk

Thanks @MichaelBiercuk, and good to see you here.
James Wootton

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